Virus detection in humans along the African continent were collected from official reports, and published scientific research for the period 1940 to 2020, and then geo-referenced in order to use biogeographical modelling for WNV. Having a high-resolution risk map for the virus could be of relevance before the trip, to take preventive measures, and after the trip, for appropriate diagnosis of the disease. To date, there is no risk map for WNV infections in humans in Africa. Understanding the geographic extent of risk of WNV infections is a necessity for both travellers and clinicians who advise and treat them, since there is no human vaccine. Due to the difficulty of its diagnosis, little is known about its distribution in Africa.
The container represents one of the most salient standards around which globalization was able to expand.International travellers are exposed to pathogens not commonly found in their countries of residence, including West Nile virus (WNV). Historically, standards such as measures (decimal system) and time zones helped economic systems to better interact. The above is facilitated through the setting of standards that improve interoperability. The setting of information chains through information and communication technologies allow investments and capital to be transferred. The setting of transport chains supported by containerization enables the potential to move large quantities of goods over long distances.
The setting of global value chains, particularly through offshoring and manufacturing clusters allows for networked forms of global production. The setting of regulatory chains allows for the harmonization of regulatory regimes, particularly through trade agreements. Four major drivers support the process of globalization by setting common standards about how to undertake commercial activities:
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